Historické souvislosti

Během 18. a 19. století udělala ekonomie značný pokrok. Do 18. století se jednalo o ekonomiku tzv. premoderní, která se později rozvinula v ekonomiku tzv. brzy moderní, do které patří například merkantilismus a kameralismus. V 18. století Adam Smith položil základy moderní ekonomiky, když sepsal dílo zvané „Bohatství národů“. Jednalo sice o soupis již dříve známých poznatků, ovšem i přes to je Adam Smith nazýván zakladatelem moderní ekonomiky.

Ekonomické teorie 18. a 19. století jsou většinou reakcí na ekonomickou teorii merkantilismu, první buržoazně ekonomickou teorii datující se od 16. století. Merkantilismus vychází z předpokladu, že prosperita národa závisí především na jeho kapitálových zdrojích, (množství drahých kovů) a na mezinárodním obchodu (převaha exportu nad importem), za tím účelem jsou zvyšována dovozní cla.

Merkantilismus je na počátku 18. století postupně vystřídán jinými teoriemi (například fyziokratismem) a ty jsou na přelomu 18. a 19. století nahrazeny klasickou politickou ekonomií. V 19. století přichází Karl Marx se svou teorií komunistické společnosti, která je beztřídní, kde si všichni mají být rovni, a všechno má být všech. Ovšem později ve 20. století je socialistická společnost (která má být cestou ke společnosti komunistické) ve většině případů znovu změněna ve společnost třídní.

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